De-normalization is used to optimize the readability and performance of the database by adding redundant data. It covers the inefficiencies in the relational database software.

De-normalization logical data design tend to improve the query responses by creating rules in the database which are called as constraints.

Examples include the following :

Materialized views for implementation purpose such as.

• Storing the count of “many” objects in one-to-many relationship.
• Linking attribute of one relation with other relations.
• To improve the performance and scalability of web applications.

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